Testing Pyramid

Structure

Unit Tests         — fast, no Spring context, mock dependencies    (70%)
Slice Tests        — partial Spring context (@WebMvcTest, @DataJpaTest) (20%)
Integration Tests  — full context + real DB via Testcontainers     (10%)

Unit Tests — Services

@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class OrderServiceTest {

    @Mock private OrderRepository orderRepository;
    @Mock private InventoryService inventoryService;

    @InjectMocks private OrderService orderService;

    @Test
    void createOrder_whenItemsAvailable_shouldSaveAndReturnOrder() {
        // Given
        var request = new CreateOrderRequest("user@example.com", List.of(new OrderItemRequest(UUID.randomUUID(), 2)));
        var savedOrder = Order.create("user@example.com");
        when(orderRepository.save(any(Order.class))).thenReturn(savedOrder);
        doNothing().when(inventoryService).reserve(any());

        // When
        Order result = orderService.createOrder(request);

        // Then
        assertThat(result).isNotNull();
        assertThat(result.getCustomerEmail()).isEqualTo("user@example.com");
        verify(inventoryService).reserve(request.items());
        verify(orderRepository).save(any(Order.class));
    }

    @Test
    void createOrder_whenInventoryUnavailable_shouldThrowException() {
        // Given
        var request = new CreateOrderRequest("user@example.com", List.of());
        doThrow(new InsufficientInventoryException("Out of stock"))
            .when(inventoryService).reserve(any());

        // When / Then
        assertThatThrownBy(() -> orderService.createOrder(request))
            .isInstanceOf(InsufficientInventoryException.class)
            .hasMessage("Out of stock");
    }
}

Slice Tests — Controllers (@WebMvcTest)

// POSTs need .with(csrf()): @WebMvcTest applies Boot's default security (CSRF on);
// @WithMockUser only authenticates. Add @Import(SecurityConfig.class) to test your real rules.
// import static org.springframework.security.test.web.servlet.request.SecurityMockMvcRequestPostProcessors.csrf;
@WebMvcTest(OrderController.class)
class OrderControllerTest {

    @Autowired MockMvc mockMvc;
    @Autowired ObjectMapper objectMapper;
    @MockitoBean OrderService orderService; // Spring Boot 3.4+: @MockBean is deprecated

    @Test
    @WithMockUser(roles = "USER")
    void createOrder_withValidRequest_shouldReturn201() throws Exception {
        // Given
        var request = new CreateOrderRequest("user@example.com",
            List.of(new OrderItemRequest(UUID.randomUUID(), 1))); // items are @NotEmpty
        var order = Order.create("user@example.com");
        when(orderService.createOrder(any())).thenReturn(order);

        // When / Then
        mockMvc.perform(post("/api/v1/orders").with(csrf())
                .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
                .content(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(request)))
            .andExpect(status().isCreated())
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.success").value(true))
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.data.customerEmail").value("user@example.com"));
    }

    @Test
    @WithMockUser
    void createOrder_withInvalidRequest_shouldReturn400() throws Exception {
        mockMvc.perform(post("/api/v1/orders").with(csrf())
                .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
                .content("{}")) // missing required fields
            .andExpect(status().isBadRequest())
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.success").value(false))
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.error.code").value("VALIDATION_FAILED"));
    }
}

Slice Tests — Repositories (@DataJpaTest)

@DataJpaTest
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace = Replace.NONE) // use real DB (Testcontainers)
@Import(TestcontainersConfig.class)
class OrderRepositoryTest {

    @Autowired OrderRepository orderRepository;

    @Test
    void findByStatus_shouldReturnMatchingOrders() {
        // Given
        var order1 = orderRepository.save(Order.create("a@example.com"));
        var order2 = orderRepository.save(Order.create("b@example.com"));
        order2.ship(); // change status
        orderRepository.save(order2);

        // When
        List<Order> pending = orderRepository.findByStatus(OrderStatus.PENDING, Pageable.unpaged()).getContent();

        // Then
        assertThat(pending).hasSize(1);
        assertThat(pending.get(0).getCustomerEmail()).isEqualTo("a@example.com");
    }
}

Integration Tests — Testcontainers

This application-level example assumes the first-party JWT setup and order API from the related skills. Supply src/test/resources/fixtures/order-user-and-product.sql for your application's schema: an enabled USER named buyer@example.com and an in-stock product with ID 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001. Run it only against the disposable test database. Adapt the fixtures and response DTO to your application.

Load the real persisted user before signing the token. @WithMockUser does not authenticate a request sent over HTTP to a random-port server. For OAuth2 resource servers, use a test issuer instead of introducing this application's JWT service.

// Shared config — reuse container across tests
@TestConfiguration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class TestcontainersConfig {

    @Bean
    @ServiceConnection
    PostgreSQLContainer<?> postgresContainer() {
        return new PostgreSQLContainer<>("postgres:16-alpine");
    }
}

// Full integration test
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
@Import(TestcontainersConfig.class)
class OrderIntegrationTest {

    @Autowired TestRestTemplate restTemplate;
    @Autowired OrderRepository orderRepository;
    @Autowired JwtService jwtService;
    @Autowired UserDetailsService userDetailsService;

    private static final UUID PRODUCT_ID = UUID.fromString("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001");
    private static final ParameterizedTypeReference<ApiResponse<OrderResponse>> RESPONSE_TYPE =
        new ParameterizedTypeReference<>() {};

    @Test
    @Sql("/fixtures/order-user-and-product.sql")
    void createAndRetrieveOrder_endToEnd() {
        var user = userDetailsService.loadUserByUsername("buyer@example.com");
        String token = jwtService.generateAccessToken(user);
        var createRequest = new CreateOrderRequest("buyer@example.com",
            List.of(new CreateOrderRequest.OrderItemRequest(PRODUCT_ID, 1)));
        var headers = new HttpHeaders();
        headers.setBearerAuth(token);
        headers.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON);
        var createResponse = restTemplate.exchange("/api/v1/orders", HttpMethod.POST,
            new HttpEntity<>(createRequest, headers), RESPONSE_TYPE);
        assertThat(createResponse.getStatusCode()).isEqualTo(HttpStatus.CREATED);
        var created = createResponse.getBody();
        assertThat(created).isNotNull();
        assertThat(created.success()).isTrue();
        assertThat(created.data()).isNotNull();
        UUID id = created.data().id();
        assertThat(id).isNotNull();
        assertThat(orderRepository.findById(id)).isPresent();

        var getResponse = restTemplate.exchange("/api/v1/orders/{id}", HttpMethod.GET,
            new HttpEntity<>(headers), RESPONSE_TYPE, id);
        assertThat(getResponse.getStatusCode()).isEqualTo(HttpStatus.OK);
        var retrieved = getResponse.getBody();
        assertThat(retrieved).isNotNull();
        assertThat(retrieved.success()).isTrue();
        assertThat(retrieved.data()).isNotNull();
        assertThat(retrieved.data().id()).isEqualTo(id);
        assertThat(retrieved.data().status()).isEqualTo(created.data().status());
        assertThat(retrieved.data().items()).hasSize(1);
        assertThat(retrieved.data().items().get(0).productId()).isEqualTo(PRODUCT_ID);
        assertThat(retrieved.data().items().get(0).quantity()).isEqualTo(1);
    }
}

Naming Convention

// Method name: methodName_condition_expectedBehavior
createOrder_whenItemsAvailable_shouldSaveOrder()
findById_whenOrderNotFound_shouldThrowNotFoundException()
login_withInvalidCredentials_shouldReturn401()

Testcontainers Dependencies

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-testcontainers</artifactId>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.testcontainers</groupId>
    <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

Gotchas

• Agent uses @SpringBootTest for everything — use slices for speed
• Agent uses H2 in-memory DB for @DataJpaTest — use Testcontainers for accuracy
• Agent uses @MockBean — deprecated since Spring Boot 3.4; use @MockitoBean (and @MockitoSpyBean for spies)
• Agent uses Mockito.mock() instead of @Mock — use annotations with @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
• Agent forgets @WithMockUser on controller tests — security filter blocks all requests with 401
• Agent POSTs in @WebMvcTest without .with(csrf()) — Boot's default security enables CSRF, so every write returns 403 even with @WithMockUser
• Agent uses assertEquals from JUnit — use AssertJ (assertThat(...).isEqualTo(...))
• Agent names tests test_createOrder() — use createOrder_condition_expected() pattern