zod

zod

Schema Definitions

• Primitives: z.string(), z.number(), z.boolean(), z.bigint(), z.date(), z.null(), z.undefined().
• Objects: z.object({ name: z.string() }) — nested, optional .optional(), nullable .nullable().
• Arrays/Tuples: z.array(z.string()), z.tuple([z.string(), z.number()]).
• Unions/Discriminated: z.union([...]), z.discriminatedUnion('type', [...]) for tagged unions.
• Literal/Enum: z.literal('foo'), z.enum(['A', 'B']), z.nativeEnum(ColorEnum).

Type Inference

• z.infer<typeof schema> — extract TS type from schema; z.input<T> / z.output<T> for input/output variants.
• z.ZodType<T> — class generic for extending or wrapping schemas.

Parsing

• schema.parse(data) — throws ZodError on failure; schema.safeParse(data) — returns { success, data, error }.
• schema.parseAsync(data) / schema.safeParseAsync(data) for async refinements.
• Partial/deep partial: schema.partial(), .deepPartial(), .pick({ k: true }), .omit({ k: true }).

Refinement & Transform

• .refine((val) => val.length > 5, "too short") — custom sync/async validation.
• .superRefine((val, ctx) => { ctx.addIssue(...) }) — multi-issue additions.
• .transform((val) => val.toUpperCase()) — post-parse value transformation.
• .preprocess((val) => typeof val === 'string' ? JSON.parse(val) : val) — pre-parse hooks.

Integration

• React Hook Form: zodResolver(z.object({...})) from @hookform/resolvers/zod.
• tRPC: schemas as procedure input/output validators.
• OpenAPI generation via zod-to-json-schema or @anatine/zod-openapi.